正如Max Loehning和 Daniel Pinschewer解释的那样，在准备反击期间，PAMPs和DAMPs提供的警报似乎是相互补充的：“PAMPs给树突细胞发出警报，接着树突细胞招募T细胞。然而，后者的反应保持相当温和直到距离最近的病毒杀死的细胞释放出DAMP后它们被激活而付诸行动。”
对那些开发对抗传染性疾病和癌症的疫苗的研究人员而言，这些结果代表着一个极其有价值的新领域。
作者: ipsvirus 时间: 2015-7-6 16:36 The Alarmin Interleukin-33 Drives Protective Antiviral CD8+ T Cell Responses
Weldy V. Bonilla, Anja Fröhlich, Karin Senn, Sandra Kallert, Marylise Fernandez, Susan Johnson, Mario Kreutzfeldt, Ahmed N. Hegazy, Christina Schrick, Padraic G. Fallon, Roman Klemenz, Susumu Nakae, Heiko Adler, Doron Merkler, Max Löhning, Daniel D. Pinschewer
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns decisively influence antiviral immune responses, whereas the contribution of endogenous signals of tissue damage, also known as damage-associated molecular patterns or alarmins, remains ill defined. We show that interleukin-33 (IL-33), an alarmin released from necrotic cells, is necessary for potent CD8+ T cell (CTL) responses to replicating, prototypic RNA and DNA viruses in mice. IL-33 signaled through its receptor on activated CTLs, enhanced clonal expansion in a CTL-intrinsic fashion, determined plurifunctional effector cell differentiation, and was necessary for virus control. Moreover, recombinant IL-33 augmented vaccine-induced CTL responses. Radio-resistant cells of the splenic T cell zone produced IL-33, and efficient CTL responses required IL-33 from radio-resistant cells but not from hematopoietic cells. Thus, alarmin release by radio-resistant cells orchestrates protective antiviral CTL responses.