Sequence-specific activation of the DNA sensor cGAS by Y-form DNA structures as found in primary HIV-1 cDNA
Anna-Maria Herzner, Cristina Amparo Hagmann, Marion Goldeck, Steven Wolter, Kirsten Kübler, Sabine Wittmann, Thomas Gramberg, Liudmila Andreeva, Karl-Peter Hopfner, Christina Mertens, Thomas Zillinger, Tengchuan Jin, Tsan Sam Xiao, Eva Bartok, Christoph Coch, Damian Ackermann, Veit Hornung, Janos Ludwig, Winfried Barchet, Gunther Hartmann & Martin Schlee
Cytosolic DNA that emerges during infection with a retrovirus or DNA virus triggers antiviral type I interferon responses. So far, only double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) over 40 base pairs (bp) in length has been considered immunostimulatory. Here we found that unpaired DNA nucleotides flanking short base-paired DNA stretches, as in stem-loop structures of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) derived from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), activated the type I interferon–inducing DNA sensor cGAS in a sequence-dependent manner. DNA structures containing unpaired guanosines flanking short (12- to 20-bp) dsDNA (Y-form DNA) were highly stimulatory and specifically enhanced the enzymatic activity of cGAS. Furthermore, we found that primary HIV-1 reverse transcripts represented the predominant viral cytosolic DNA species during early infection of macrophages and that these ssDNAs were highly immunostimulatory. Collectively, our study identifies unpaired guanosines in Y-form DNA as a highly active, minimal cGAS recognition motif that enables detection of HIV-1 ssDNA.