he word adjuvant comes from the Latin, adjuvare, which means to help. In fact, any substance that has the capacity of enhancing non-specifically the magnitude of an immune response when it is added into a vaccine or injected at the same time as the antigen can be called an adjuvant. Originally, the interest in adjuvants stemmed from the search for a way to increase the humoral immune response to vaccination. Today’s adjuvant technologists are interested in stimulation of specific components of the immune system, including the humoral immune response and various cell mediated responses. Modes of action of the various adjuvants have been identified and are presented in detail. (Detailed Adjuvant Discussion)
Today, adjuvants play an important role in the efficacy of vaccines. Stimulating the correct immune response is a must when selecting an adjuvant to use for a new vaccine. Since one adjuvant alone is rarely optimal for all antigens, it is critical to have a selection of different types of adjuvants for evaluation with your antigen. MVP offers a selection of oil emulsion based adjuvants, polymer based adjuvants and co-polymer based adjuvants.
Mechanisms relative to MVP adjuvants are summarized below:
Depot generation: Depots are produced by adjuvants that trap antigens at the injection site, providing slow release so as to continue stimulation of the immune system. Microspheres that can remain at the injection site until biodegradation allows macrophages to remove them. All MVP adjuvants generate a depot effect.
Stabilization of epitope conformation: Non-ionic copolymers can interact with antigens in such a way that the native conformation is effectively maintained. POLYGEN™ and CARBIGEN™ are examples of stabilizing adjuvants.
Targeting antigen to antigen presenting cells (APC): Particulate adjuvants, including all of the MVP adjuvants, have the capability to bind antigens to form multi-molecular aggregates which will encourage uptake by APC.
Immunomodulation of the cytokine network: All of the MVP adjuvants are able to modify the cytokine network. These adjuvants work by up-regulating certain cytokines and down-regulating other cytokines.
Induction of MHC class I or MHC class II responses: Some adjuvants are capable of directing antigen presentation by the major histocompatibility complexes (MHC) by means of fusion or disruption of cell membranes. Note the activity of MVP adjuvants in the table below. 作者: zhaox 时间: 2015-11-12 13:36 本帖最后由 zhaox 于 2015-11-12 13:38 编辑
2，Enhancing DNA vaccine potency by modifying the properties of antigen-presenting cells
Shaw-Wei D Tsen, Augustine H Paik, Chien-Fu Hung, T-C Wu
Expert Review of Vaccines, Apr 2007, Vol. 6, No. 2, Pages 227-239.
DNA vaccines represent a potentially promising approach for antigen-specific immunotherapy. Advances in our knowledge of the adaptive immune system have indicated that professional antigen-presenting cells, especially dendritic cells (DCs), play a key role in the generation of antigen-specific immune responses. Thus, the modification of the properties of DCs represents an important strategy for enhancing the potency of DNA vaccines. This review discusses strategies to increase the number of antigen-expressing DCs, enhance antigen expression, processing and presentation in DCs, promote the activation and function of DCs, and improve DC and T-cell interaction, in order to optimize DNA vaccine-elicited immune responses. Continuing progress in our understanding of DC and T-cell biology serves as a foundation for further improvement of DNA vaccine potency, which may lead to future clinical applications of DNA vaccines for the control of infectious diseases and malignancies.