涨知识了

很好！学习了。

最新TWIV 针对这篇文章写了一篇文章。有时间可以看看，[url]Retroviral influence on human embryonic development[url]http://www.virology.ws/[/url][/url]

感谢分享。英文原文请见：Viral proteins may regulate human embryonic development

非常有趣的文章，研究知道人内源性逆转录病毒序列 HERVs 占人基因组的 8%。
该文闪亮之处应该就是发现了这些病毒序列可能和早起的胚胎发育有关系。

其实，在HIV领域也有很多对人内源性逆转录病毒的研究，举2个列子及附图一张。

1. HIV­1 的 Tat 蛋白激活人内源性逆转录病毒 K（HML­2）的表达       

Expression of Human Endogenous Retrovirus Type K (HML-2) Is Activated by the Tat Protein of HIV-1  毕业论文全文

2. HML­2 Gag and Env激活后可表达蛋白，机体会产生特异性T细胞，而这些T细胞可以识别HIV，从而杀死被感染的细胞。
    HERV-K–specific T cells eliminate diverse HIV-1/2 and SIV primary isolates

学习了，好文章。

Intrinsic retroviral reactivation in human preimplantation embryos and pluripotent cells

Edward J. Grow,        Ryan A. Flynn,        Shawn L. Chavez,        Nicholas L. Bayless,        Mark Wossidlo, Daniel J. Wesche,        Lance Martin,        Carol B. Ware,        Catherine A. Blish,        Howard Y. Chang, Renee A. Reijo Pera        & Joanna Wysocka

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are remnants of ancient retroviral infections, and comprise nearly 8% of the human genome1. The most recently acquired human ERV is HERVK(HML-2), which repeatedly infected the primate lineage both before and after the divergence of the human and chimpanzee common ancestor2, 3. Unlike most other human ERVs, HERVK retained multiple copies of intact open reading frames encoding retroviral proteins4. However, HERVK is transcriptionally silenced by the host, with the exception of in certain pathological contexts such as germ-cell tumours, melanoma or human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection5, 6, 7. Here we demonstrate that DNA hypomethylation at long terminal repeat elements representing the most recent genomic integrations, together with transactivation by OCT4 (also known as POU5F1), synergistically facilitate HERVK expression. Consequently, HERVK is transcribed during normal human embryogenesis, beginning with embryonic genome activation at the eight-cell stage, continuing through the emergence of epiblast cells in preimplantation blastocysts, and ceasing during human embryonic stem cell derivation from blastocyst outgrowths. Remarkably, we detected HERVK viral-like particles and Gag proteins in human blastocysts, indicating that early human development proceeds in the presence of retroviral products. We further show that overexpression of one such product, the HERVK accessory protein Rec, in a pluripotent cell line is sufficient to increase IFITM1 levels on the cell surface and inhibit viral infection, suggesting at least one mechanism through which HERVK can induce viral restriction pathways in early embryonic cells. Moreover, Rec directly binds a subset of cellular RNAs and modulates their ribosome occupancy, indicating that complex interactions between retroviral proteins and host factors can fine-tune pathways of early human development.

http://www.nature.com/nature/jou ... ll/nature14308.html