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最近,一项刊登在国际杂志Nature Medicine上的研究文章中,来自波士顿儿童医院的科学家们通过研究
表示,免疫系统杀伤细胞可以通过一种新型机制来给予胞内寄生虫三重打击,并且最后一举歼灭寄生虫
;这种新型途径类似于细胞凋亡,即在多个生物体内发生的程序性细胞死亡现象,但这种机制同细胞凋
亡的略微差异表明,其可以被特殊靶向作用,来帮助开发抗寄生虫及抗菌药物。
研究者Judy Lieberman说道,利用体外人类或特殊特异性工程化小鼠细胞及动物模型体内研究,我们发
现,当诸如T细胞或NK细胞等免疫杀伤细胞遭遇感染任何一种细胞内寄生虫的细胞时,免疫杀伤细胞就是
释放三种特殊蛋白来共同杀灭寄生虫及其所感染的细胞,三种细胞内寄生虫分别为:细胞内锥虫、鼠弓
形虫及硕大利什曼原虫;而杀伤性细胞释放的三种特殊蛋白分别为穿孔素、粒溶素和颗粒蛋白酶。
研究者指出,在模型系统中,寄生虫会在15至30分钟内死亡,同时其感染的人类或小鼠细胞也会在45分
钟至1个小时后死亡,该研究结果表明仅当三种蛋白都存在时寄生虫才会被彻底杀灭。颗粒蛋白酶诱发的
级联反应类似于细胞凋亡,研究者发现,颗粒蛋白酶可以干扰寄生虫细胞内线粒体的代谢,而毒性分子
活性氧的水平随后也会在寄生虫机体内猛涨,不久之后就会发生一系列事件,比如寄生虫的DNA开始凝集
,细胞核开始破碎,随后细胞膜开始膨胀,这些现象都和细胞凋亡非常相似。
基于这些相似点,研究人员将这种现象称之为微生物细胞程序性死亡(microbe programmed cell death)
或者microptosis(微凋亡);2014年发表在Cell杂志上的一篇研究报告中,研究者Lieberman还报道了
对三种特殊蛋白的一种类似反应,传统观点认为,程序性细胞死亡仅会在多细胞生物体内发生,但本文
研究中研究者却可以在微生物体内驱动程序性细胞死亡。
寄生虫感染,比如锥虫病和利什曼病目前依然被公众所忽视,但对这些疾病的研究对全球的公众健康却
非常关键,而研究者认为本文的研究也将为后期开发诸如这样疾病的新型疗法开辟新的篇章。
Killer lymphocytes use granulysin, perforin and granzymes to kill intracellular parasites
Farokh Dotiwala, Sachin Mulik, Rafael B Polidoro, James A Ansara, Barbara A Burleigh,
Michael Walch, Ricardo T Gazzinelli & Judy Lieberman
Protozoan infections are a serious global health problem1, 2. Natural killer (NK) cells and
cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTLs) eliminate pathogen-infected cells by releasing cytolytic
granule contents—granzyme (Gzm) proteases and the pore-forming perforin (PFN)—into the
infected cell3. However, these cytotoxic molecules do not kill intracellular parasites.
CD8+ CTLs protect against parasite infections in mice primarily by secreting interferon
(IFN)-γ4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. However, human, but not rodent, cytotoxic granules contain
the antimicrobial peptide granulysin (GNLY), which selectively destroys cholesterol-poor
microbial membranes11, 12, 13, 14, and GNLY, PFN and Gzms rapidly kill intracellular
bacteria15. Here we show that GNLY delivers Gzms into three protozoan parasites
(Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania major), in which the Gzms generate
superoxide and inactivate oxidative defense enzymes to kill the parasite. PFN delivers GNLY
and Gzms into infected cells, and GNLY then delivers Gzms to the intracellular parasites.
Killer cell–mediated parasite death, which we term 'microbe-programmed cell death' or
'microptosis', is caspase independent but resembles mammalian apoptosis, causing
mitochondrial swelling, transmembrane potential dissipation, membrane blebbing,
phosphatidylserine exposure, DNA damage and chromatin condensation. GNLY-transgenic mice
are protected against infection by T. cruzi and T. gondii, and survive infections that are
lethal to wild-type mice. Thus, GNLY-, PFN- and Gzm-mediated elimination of intracellular
protozoan parasites is an unappreciated immune defense mechanism.
来源:生物谷
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